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Understanding Firearm Actions: How Different Operating Types Affect Handling, Maintenance, and Buying Decisions When people talk about a firearm being “bolt-action” or “semi-auto,” they’re describing the action: the operating system that loads, fires, and unloads a cartridge. Action type influences everything from how a firearm feels to run, to how you shop for it, to what you can reasonably expect in terms of upkeep and user experience. Understanding the basics can …